Local Policy Paper

IntroductionThe criminal justice system of Texas (U.S.A) covers both criminal justice and civil justice, consist of law enforcement, law adjudication (the court system), and criminal corrections. Law enforcers includes; attorneys, sheriff and police departments, and the state Department of Public Safety. Whilst, criminal corrections includes; prisons, pardons, and paroles.Additionally, the criminal justice in Texas involves Office of the Attorney General (OAG). The Office of the Attorney General is the state’s top lawyer and law enforcer, which is elected by the citizens of Texas. The prime responsibility of the Office of the Attorney General includes; defending the laws and constitution of the state, represent the state in lawsuit / court cases, and commend on bond issues.In addition, the responsibilities of the Office of the Attorney General includes; â€Å"heading of state agencies and other state officials and agencies, defending against challenges to state laws and suits against both state agencies and individual employees of the state, issuing legal opinions when requested by the Governor, and serving as legal counsel to all boards and agencies of state government†.The Antitrust and Civil Medicaid Fraud Division and Consumer Protection Division investigate in violations of state and federal antitrust statues, and consumer fraud and civil lawsuits. Both    bureaus of the state are responsible in prosecuting such cases.Types of LawThe justice system of Texas are divided into; Civil law, Criminal law and Administrative law. The civil law covers ant disputes between; individuals and / corporations in the state. Criminal law encompasses crimes committed against the state, and any violations under the laws of the state.Administrative laws include laws set and enforces by the government other than the legislative body of the state. For example, the state sets curfew among minors and imposes fines to violators. To be able to put on trial the alleg ed citizen, the government of the state does have local courts, district (law) firms, lawyers, forensic laboratories, police and jails.Criminal Justice SystemIn general, most citizens wanted to punished criminals harshly, treat them as they wouldn’t create any crime in the future. In most of the states, the justice system provides a moral trade-off between public safety and the protection of the rights of the criminals. Texas criminal justice system prefers immediate and strict punishment for the citizens violating the laws of the state.The criminal justice system in Texas has three components; law enforcement and criminal prosecution, criminal trial and appeals, corrections. Each component of the criminal justice system of Texas comprises hundreds of employees. The Department of Public Safety as part of the criminal justice system of the state patrols roadways and other facilities of the state.The court system of Texas follows a hierarchy, in which, local courts are decentra lized among municipalities of Texas. The Supreme Court of Texas functions to regulate policies and laws among local courts. Unlike in other countries, the states in America do have each supreme courts and the county (state) are considered autonomous / taken apart from the country’s policies and laws.Each of the components of the criminal justice of the state does function separately, with its own structure and implementation of its duties. Even though the criminal justice system of the state set standards on how the crimes will be investigated and prosecuted, this varies among localities / municipalities in the state. On the other hand, the criminal justice system in Texas performs strict policies despite its decentralization of the system. Most of the criminals are prosecuted and put up into jail (Brauchli, 2005).Sentencing and PenaltiesSentencing among criminals is based on the graded penalties which specify the degree of penalties to be imposed with regards to the degree o f crime the accused done. The degree of crime is differentiated between misdemeanor and felonies. Misdemeanors are crimes with lower degree of punishment compare to felonies. Misdemeanor does involve petty crimes such as, minor drug possessions, generally crimes without involvement in injuring a person / citizen of the state. On the other hand, felonies are more serious crimes than misdemeanors. This includes; theft, homicide, and damages of state’s property. Both cases are prosecuted in district courts, severe crimes are prosecuted at the Supreme Court of Texas (The Justice System, 2006).Misdemeanor are considered minor crimes with minor punishments (graded in classes) while felonies are penalized by degrees. Upon committing felonial crime, the criminals are convicted to death. Repeat offenders; involve assigning higher degree of felony. The criminal in return, may be convicted to a higher degree of punishment and in worst scenario, amputation of human rights of the accused. Implications of Policies to Criminal Justice System of TexasThe society set standards to what their state would behave and the policies to be implemented. The policies and laws imposed to provide the criminal justice system of the state a guide on how the system will investigate and prosecute crimes, accused the criminals, and punish them accordingly to the degree of the crime they committed. The criminal justice of the state is transparent, meaning that the system works to defend the constitution, protect the citizens of Texas against criminals, and provide the citizens policies in order to maintain peace in the state.The criminal justice system of the state is not being harsh and cruel to its citizens; the system only maintains upright decisions on which the citizens can expect fair treatment among any individuals. Weak implementation of policies and laws confers unfair justice, abuse of public property and upheaval.Wherever the citizens vote for the Sheriff and / or the Attorney General, the state shows the importance of democracy in Texas. The fast punishment to criminals made the justice system of the state respectable and fair. Criminals are subjected to prisonment if the court found the accused guilty. In short terms, the policies and laws are applied and not misused.On other hand, the criminal justice system of the state creates a back lag because of many positions allotted in the system. The system creates inefficiency in terms of uses of public funds, and ineffectivity in running the office (Texas, 2006).

Books obsolete Essay

From the beginning of time paper books have been the soul means of historical documentation and the recording of stories, as to be passed down through the generations. With the new technology know as kindles, e-books, etc. the needs of paper books has drastically decreased. When it comes to storage, convenience, and quality, e-books will be giving paper books a run for their money. Here are the pros and cons of tablets vs. paper books and what might be more preferred in the later years to come. All readers know how much space books take up. They are under the bed, in the drawers of dressers, shelves filled to the brim with all kinds of stories waiting to be read. The inconvenience of needing a place to store all the books is the tricking situation. Unless the house has multiple floors with to many rooms to count, all these books are consuming valuable space. Without a personal librarian, finding certain books could be a lot harder then say having it on your tablet, looking up the name and its there in less then five seconds. This brings up the issue of finding certain books to buy through the e-book system. Not all books are available electronically, only the â€Å"popular†, newer books have come out as e-books. A reader cannot browse e-book store like a half-price-books, and none of the books will cost less then ten dollars. For those customers who enjoy clearance books, e-books will not go over smoothly if printed books stop being produced. Another aspect though, how convenient is it to order the book and as soon as its paid for you can start reading? No need to leave the house! On a rainy day this would not be argued against. Even renting a book is more convenient because there will be no lines to wait in or over due books, because one could not get to the library after work. Another point is lending a book to a friend, are one going to lend his or hers three hundred dollar tablet to someone who may have it for n amount of days? Books are meant for sharing information, and for opening other people’s eyes to different concepts. Children, as an example, like picture books being read aloud to them before bedtime, sure there colored tablets now a days but what if the picture is  spread across two pages? The entire allusion would not make sense without the whole imagery meant to explain what may be happening. Printed books can be read outside on a sunny day, maybe while floating in a pool. True, books are not waterproof but they are not electronics either. Highlighting, side notes, comments can be made; research is easier with a printed book. Flipping through pages, having several books open when doing research is more productive. With e-books one must go page by page to find information of only one book at a time. They get a glare when reading outdoors even when cloudy, and would never dream of having them by water. Even though e-books are said to be more portable then books, what is the difference if only one book is being brought? Yes, the e-book may be lighter but printed books are not necessarily heavy. Then come the issue of textbooks, which are usually heavy, but have many examples for the text they contain. Without the picture there to show you a visual, how does the rader know they are getting all the fundamental learning agents? Eyestrain is proven to be more common when involving computers then print on paper. In a dark room it is better to have a book light shining on the page then a screen bright with words on it. â€Å"Eyestrain occurs when your eyes get tired from intense use, such as driving a car for extended periods, reading or working at a computer†(mayoclinic. com). Reading it a lit room from print is a lot better then reading from a screen. One the other hand when it comes to reading the small print can be just as annoying. The e-book can make the text bigger for who may have bad eyesight. No magnifying glasses necessary for e-book users. When looking at the evolution of technology, certain products become outdated very quickly. As electronics become more advanced and are consistently being updated it may not be best to buy e-books because sooner or later the programs will only be met for the newest and most advanced technology out there. E-books have already been rapidly changing with the new things you can use them for. Tablets are now not only use for reading but for games, browsing the web, navigation, it’s becoming a bigger version of a smartphone without the calling aspect involved in it. So individuals will not just be buying it for reading purposes, which will end up as a minuscule â€Å"perk† of buying a tablet. However, all technology is not meant to last forever, they do have an expiration date in a sense, because the producers want individuals to buy another one when its eventually stops working as well as it did once. With printed books, as long as the owner maintains the condition of the item, could last many more years then a tablet. At the end of the day, the question of books becoming obsolete due to the creation of electronic books is not likely. Sure, e-books are useful and handy to have but, will never surpass the simplicity of reading a printed book. Paper books are more reliable then computer files; they do not â€Å"crash† and loose information. E-book tablets are becoming less and less meant for buying books and more used for entertainment purposes. As long as there are the individuals that enjoys holding the book in their hands, paper books will never cease to exist.

Unethical advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Unethical advertising - Essay Example This essay 'Unethical advertising" outlines which types of advertising are considered unethical giving different examples. Using advertisements that provide false claims and makes the public believe in something that is not true is a mere example of unethical advertising. This usually happens with several products such as detergents, where the advertisement says that the clothes washed with the specific detergent will look as clean as new, but that never happens. This also happens in various weight loss plans advertisements, where it says that a person using the product will lose 50 pounds in two weeks, but this does not actually happen for all customers using the product and thus, experts have been considering this as unethical. This type of advertising should confront bans due to its unethical nature, as it does not provide what it claims to be advertising for. Such is one example of unethical advertising. Another common instance of unethical advertising is the advertisements prepared for products, such as cigarettes and drugs. This type of advertising is surely illegal, as well as unethical, as it promotes a product that is harmful for the human body. Children who might come across such an advertisement might find it fascinating that they can avail the product that supposedly helps them get over all their problems and worries, while they are unaware of the amount of damage such products can cause to their bodies. Advertisements designed in the political realm have often found to be unethical as they provide information that is not true. , done, in order to get the public to cast a vote for them by providing false information. For example, a person running for the post of a president for a country may claim to have donated a huge amount of money to flood victims etc; however, may not have done so actually. This might be done just in order to gain the public votes and therefore, this type of advertising is surely considered unethical. A very common type of unethical advertising, which is used, is advertisements that say promote â€Å"$1 products.† However, when one actually picks up a product and comes to pay for it, they come to know that very few products are of one dollar, the others have their own specific prices, and the customer is forced to buy the items, in order to avoid the embarrassment by the shopkeeper that they cannot afford the product (Wells, pp. 69-74). Another type of unethical advertising is that an advertisement can have a negative psychological impact on a person, and cause them to experien ce psychological problems in the end (MacRury, pp. 20-25). For example, using the image of a monster in a children’s cereal ad may frighten them and have a lasting impact on their minds. This type of

2nd Amendment (Right to Bear Arms) Research Paper

2nd Amendment (Right to Bear Arms) - Research Paper Example The Court ruling also says that an individual can use firearms for ‘traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home’ (FindLaw, n.d.). The Amendment II as passed by the Congress states that â€Å"a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (cited in Young, 2007, p.222). The Second Amendment came into effect in the second half of the 20th century. As described in a web document (‘Constitutional Topic: The Second Amendment’, n.d.), gun control advocates perceived the Amendment in another way referring to the mounting level of violence in the society and the role played by firearms in those issues; and in contrast to this view, firearm enthusiasts claimed that the opponents’ arguments are against people’s freedom and hence they interpreted the 2nd Amendment just as fiercely. Evidently, some phrases in the Second Amendment paved the way for a series of debates. The English Bill of Rights 1689 has greatly influenced the 2nd Amendment to the US Constitution. The right to have arms has been considered as one of the fundamental natural right throughout the English history. In District Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court makes reference to the English rights concerning the possession of arms by individuals. The growing threat of terrorism in Western countries, particularly in the United States, justifies the Second Amendment. Since US is considered to be prone to terror attacks since the 9/11, this Amendment would raise the level of security of US people. Referring to the increasing rates of crimes in the country including robbery, kidnapping, and sexual assaults, this Amendment would help people to be more self-defensive. However, some law professionals do not support Amendment II arguing that this would worsen the gun crimes in the country. As stated in some documents (‘The Second Amendment to the United

Dissemination product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dissemination product - Essay Example Without effective hand hygiene, nurses can easily contract various diseases besides contaminating both the apparatus and specimens they often use. Debnath, (2009) explains that hand hygiene is a major concern in nursing given the risks that lack of effective hand hygiene presents the nurses. The project investigates the prevalence of the problem across the country and the possible remedies to the problem. Key among the possible strategies of remedying hand hygiene issues includes the use of protective gloves and regular disinfection of hands. The project investigates and proposes the possibility of training and education of nurses in hospitals in effective ways of upholding hand hygiene in hospitals and dispensaries. Promoting hand hygiene among nurses makes the profession safer for the nurses a feature that motivates them. Safety concerns make the profession both undesirable and unsafe. As such, the project seeks to find ways of enhancing safety in the profession thus improving the productivity of the nurses. The project adopts the descriptive research design. This implies that the project will observe the nature of the profession with the view to establishing the hand hygiene practices and the level of safety in American health facilities. Additionally, the research uses random sampling technique in selecting both the health facilities and the nurses to investigate in the project. This way, the research will provide the natural safety scenario in health facilities in the country. Data collection is yet another fundamental feature in a research. The project uses various data collection that will include the use of structure questionnaires. Additionally, the researcher will use interview and observation as methods of data collection. Each of the three data collection techniques has numerous strengths and weaknesses (Alur, Rane &Scheetz, 2009). By infusing them, the researcher

Risk and Return Relationships Analysis Coursework

Risk and Return Relationships Analysis - Coursework Example It is important for the small companies to go public and grow as the best investment is in small companies that will develop to become bigger and in the process create wealth and jobs. Worldwide competitions as well as improvements in technology have brought changes in the manner in which the exchanges have been operating. In the US, the NYSE is considered as the dominant exchange regardless of the fact that it used a people extensive auction system. The NYSE faces competitive pressure from the other exchanges to automate so that it can maintain and increase its global listings as well as leadership position. The operations of the NYSE involve a major physical presence on Wall Street while NASDAQ and the rest of the ECNs conduct their trade through computer networks that exist in the entire country. As far as the real estate industry in Baghdad is concerned, there are very limited signs of foreclosure and the industry keeps getting stronger making it the kind industry that is desired by the real estate agents of the United States (Dabrowska & Hann, 2008). The people who did not flee the country are looking for homes where they will start afresh making the nation become more of a real feeling than a dreamed feeling. The people no longer develop uneasy feelings and think that their lives are in danger and thus real estate agents are doing better as a result of the reduced violence and improvement in safety. Regardless of the fact that the war continues, there is a significant number of investors who are looking for homes as far as the real estate industry is concerned. In the case of Chicago, there are exceptional opportunities for real estate investments. Being the third biggest city in the US, Chicago’s economy is stable and the costs of real estate are only a fraction o f the prices that can be found in either Los Angeles or New York which are the only

Managing People in Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing People in Engineering - Assignment Example The general employment environment plays a major role in workforce recruitment and selection. For recruitment and selection processes to be successful the employment environment has to be inclusive, whereby, for example, there is support by staff for processes such as agency workforce diversity initiatives. Environment includes the external environment- this refers to the various factors that affect the ability of a manager to attract, as well as recruit new workforce. Employment environment refers to factors such as the style of management, work-life balance as well as learning and development factors. c.  Outline the processes and procedures carried out when recruiting and selecting personnel for a given engineering post For successful recruiting and selection to be achieved, the following processes and procedures are carried out. The first process involves short-listing. This involves making assessments of the applications of candidates to establish their suitability for the eng ineering post, which is done according to the job description and the person’s specification. After short-listing, persons are required to fill application blanks, which record qualifications, experiences as well as any other necessary specialty. This is an important selection process as it provides important information which can be used to properly identify the person and develop appropriate inferences with regard to his suitability. What follow is employment tests, which are carried out to match the physical.... aking assessments of the applications of candidates to establish their suitability for the engineering post, which is done according to the job description and the person’s specification. After short-listing, persons are required to fill application blanks, which record qualifications, experiences as well as any other necessary specialty. This is an important selection process as it provides important information which can be used to properly identify the person and develop appropriate inferences with regard to his suitability. What follow is employment tests, which are carried out to match the physical, mental as well as temperamental pattern of the individual. These include intelligence tests, aptitude tests, proficiency tests and personality tests. After success in these tests, the other process is the employment interview. This process is carried out to establish the candidate’s suitability, look for more information with regard to the candidate, and more importantl y, to provide an accurate picture to the candidate of job details, for example organizational policies. Interviews are also carried out because they provide a face-to-face contact between the candidate and employer, allowing the employer to assess the various personality traits of the candidate. Before the final selection is done, the process of checking references is carried out. References hold responsible positions in respectable organizations, which is why it is important for the organization to make an investigation of the references given by the candidate. Once successful, a physical and medical examination of the candidate is made. This is an important step conducted sometimes earlier in the selection process to avoid time and expenditure that may be incurred when selecting medically unfit

If Netflix has brought a golden age of television in America, can its Essay

If Netflix has brought a golden age of television in America, can its expansion into Europe and other markets bring a golden age for international television dramas too - Essay Example In terms of the information represented within The Atlantic, it is clear and apparent that Hollywood has effectively been able to adapt to an international scope for its films. The article also indicates that he has not been so fast. It is at this juncture that Netflix wishes to fill the void and provide original programming from a litany of different foreign nations around the globe (Thompson, 2013). However, there is hope for a high level of profitability in this sector; as the article from Slate underscores. Likewise, a hidden and somewhat unforeseen problem that Netflix faces within Europe is the fact that it must engaged with a multi-lingual region and offer a litany of different subscriber content within national borders that ascribes to the given linguistic nature of the region. Whereas the success of Netflix in the US and in Latin America is part and parcel due to the fact that these regions are defined by only two languages, the challenges faced within Europe are more comple x. Although this article is useful in representing the range and extent to which Netflix can hope to penetrate new markets, it is also limited in that it does not fully consider unique dynamics of how foreign markets could present unique challenges to the business model that Netflix has been able to exhibit to such a great deal of success so far. According to the Slate piece, entitled, â€Å"The International Language of Tube†, service providers such as Netflix are open to capitalize on a market shift that is coming to be exhibited; one in which the consumer’s frustration with traditional television corresponds to the increased demands for the shows and entertainment that this traditional technology provides (Thomas, 2014). Moreover, the article cautions that traditional TV should be highly wary of the potential for firms such as Netflix to dominate the market; due

Is rape a product of sexual desire, or the exercise of power Essay

Is rape a product of sexual desire, or the exercise of power - Essay Example Having this in mind, this paper examines the issue with a view of examining the motivation of rapists as either sexually aroused or as men or women who have decided to exercise their perceived powers over their victims through intimacy. It will also look in into the matter of a continuously broadening side of criminality and violence within sexual relationships. The aim is to examine the various elements that come into play when handling matters dealing with rape in the society today. Rape can be generally defined as the use of violent means or threatening words to lead someone into submitting to sexual intercourse (Smart 1995). This act can therefore result into serious violation of the victim’s dignity as well as loss of self confidence among other physiological side effects (Kelly 1998). There are various theories that have been proposed to explain this inhuman act. One of these theories will be discussed in the section that follows. One of the long found theories of sexual assault was based on the belief that rapists were mentally ill or had some biological imbalances in their body that contributed to inability for any proper control of their impulses. This theory is referred to as the psychopathology model. It proposes that rapists were medically unfit individuals that were acting in an inhuman manner because of their bodily imbalances (Terry et al 2010). This theory thought that rape was a rare occurrence and hence could be effectively handled by medically proven means like hormonal injection, psychotherapy or even castration. When looked at in the view of the two divides that are being examined by this paper, the theory supports the view that rape may be as a result of sexual desire or the inability to control such desires. However, this model may only apply to a few cases of rape that has been a growing concern in the moral foundations of the society we live in today. The

Romeo and Juliet vs Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet vs Macbeth Essay In the first scene of Romeo and Juliet is set out in town, whereas Baz lurhman’s interpretation of Romeo and Juliet it is set out in a petrol station which is also a public place but the main reason this is used as the opening scene is to show that it’s modernised version. In Macbeth the first scene is set out on heath, however in palanski’s 1960 film version is set out on a beach. In both Romeo and Juliet there is violence but of different types. In Romeo and Juliet the violence is a feud between two families, it is gang related violence whereas in Macbeth two countries are at war, it has control and order unlike Romeo and Juliet. In both plays the main characters are not seen in scene 1 of the plays however are mentioned and we gain knowledge of the characters through the voice of others. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is fist mentioned by his mother, Lady Montague when she says â€Å"O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? † also when lady Montague asks Benvolio where Romeo was he replied that he was up an hour before dawn, walking west of the city and trying to calm his troubled mind, when he saw Romeo in a grove of sycamore. Benvolio walked towards his friend, but Romeo spotted him and went further into the woods, out of sight. This shows that he is trying to isolate himself away from everyone. Benvolio knew how Romeo felt so wanted to leave him alone, however lord Montague doesnt agree that Romeo should be left alone. He tells Benvolio that Romeo is often out in the sycamore grove: Many a morning hath he there been seen, with tears augmenting the fresh morning dew, adding to clouds more clouds with his deep sighs†. Not only does Romeo wander about, weeping and sighing, he also locks himself in his room and makes it dark. In Macbeth, Macbeth is first mentioned by the witches, which is not a good sign because in Shakespeare’s day if you are connected to witches in any way its bad. In scene 2, the captain describes Macbeth as â€Å"brave† and that his sword is â€Å"smoked† with blood. This suggests that Macbeth is a violent and cruel killer. In both plays we can identify that conflict are very close to both Romeo and Macbeth although Macbeth has a greater involvement in it because Romeo isn’t interested in his family feud. As his father is worriedly talking about him, Romeo appears. Benvolio asks Romeos parents to step aside so that he can find out whats wrong with Romeo. Benvolio promises that if he doesnt discover what Romeos problem is, it wont be for lack of trying, he says, Ill know his grievance, or be much denied . Benvolio is now seeking out Romeo to find out what’s wrong with him . Though he hasnt been saying anything to his parents, Romeo is open with his friend. Benvolio asks questions to Romeo to help the audience find out what’s wrong with him, and Romeo tells him that he is Out of her favour, where I am in love Then follows a long discussion of love, during which we find that Romeo is in love. The fact that Romeo confides with Benvolio shows their true relationship . For a moment, it appears that Romeo is tired of talking about love. He asks Benvolio where they are going to have lunch, and then says, O me! What fray was here? But neither food nor fighting can really turn Romeos thoughts away from love. Rather than let Benvolio say anything about the brawl, Romeo says, Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Heres much to do with hate, but more with love . In saying, I have heard it all, Romeo does not mean that he has heard all about the fight that just took place. He means that he has heard all about fighting in general. And he doesnt care. Romeos language to benvolio shows his state of mind, he using oxymorons, â€Å"feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health† this suggests that he has a troubled mind, he is confused and he has a lack of direction doesn’t know what to do this is where benvolio helps him.

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report

Malaysian Pest Analysis: Government Report The objectives in this section will reveal on what does the purposes of this research project served. Firstly, this project will briefly discuss about PESTE (Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technology, and Ecological) analysis on Malaysia. The discussion will go on into the literature part whereby it will firstly discuss various type of definitions of tourism. Then it will discuss about the tourism planning five approaches which will be Boosterism, Economic, Physical/Spatial, Community and Sustainable that has been utilized by Malaysia government. 1.2.1 Politic Malaya, which is now known as the peninsular Malaysia, became independent on August 31, 1957. In year 1963, Malaya merged with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak to formed Malaysia. But after two years, Singapore has become an independent country on 9 August 1965. Now, Malaysia consists of 13 states whereby 11 of its are on Malay Peninsula and the other two, Sabah and Sarawak are on the island of Borneo. It has three federal territories which is Kuala Lumpur, Labuan island, and Putrajaya federal administrative territory. Each state has an assembly and government which are headed by a chief minister. Among 13 of these states, 9 of the states have hereditary rulers which are usually titled as sultans while the rest of the four states have appointed governors in counterpart positions. Although Malaysia is known for its strict rules but tourist who are visiting Malaysia not more than one month does not require visa from the Malaysian Immigration Department. It is also important that foreigners follow the conditions and laws of Malaysia. 1.2.2 Economy After 1957 where Malaysia became independent, the economy of the country was mainly based on rubber and tin. Since then, economy was growing and become a more industrialized market. In the 1997-1998 East Asian crises, Malaysia was one of the countries that involved in the Asian crisis but did not involve the International Monetary Fund (Sundaram, 2006). But it recovered from the recession very fast and since then, the economic was very stable with a GDP rate of RM679,687 million in year 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The government has spend an amount of RM 40.1 billion in subsidizing petrol, natural gas, food and road tolls in year 2007. Malaysia also does have a lower percentage in unemployment rate which is 3.3% recorded in July 2010 and 3.1% in August 2010 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). 1.2.3 Socio-cultural According to the Official Website of Department of Statistics Malaysia which was updated on 02 July 2010, it is stated that Malaysia currently has 28.25 millions people. It is well known that Malaysia is a multicultural country which consists of a mixture different ethnic which are Chinese, Indian, Malay, and also indigenous and others. Malays makes up almost half of the Malaysia and then follows by Chinese and Indian. Most of the Malays are Islam while others may belong to Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism or other/none. Malaysia was recorded an annual rate of growth of 2.0%. The official language used in Malaysia was Bahasa Melayu, then followed by other language such as Chinese which comes with various dialects, English, Tamil and others. This makes Malaysia a perfect country for tourist to visit because there will be no language barriers for them as long as they can speak either one of them. 1.2.4 Technology Malaysia has a very good national and international telephone lines. It is because Peninsular Malaysia are using microwave radio relay and it provide a good connectivity between cities. It also have two international earth stations and also two Intelsat which are located at Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Thus, tourists who are travelling to Malaysia will have no connectivity problem. By now, Malaysia has a total of nine Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some of them are P1 WIMAX, Maxis Broadband, Streamyx, Jaring, Celcom Broadband and so on. On the other hand, Malaysia also have a good range of radio and television stations. It has 19 radio stations that are owned by private sector while 34 stations are owned by government. Furthermore, Malaysia has 58 airports. 36 of them are on East Malaysia while the rest, 22 are on Peninsular Malaysia. Hence, these technologies that available in this country will definitely make life easier for tourists. 1.2.5 Ecological Malaysia is full of biodiverse range of flora and fauna which can be found around the country. It is because the tropical rainforests comprises to almost 70% of Malaysia total land area. Malaysia has been recorded that it has the worlds fifth largest of mangrove forest whereby the world largest mangrove forest area is in Sundarban, Bangladesh. Ever since Malaysia has been filled with a lot of natural resources and environment, the government has also take part in preserving the environment to prevent further damage being caused to it. The government has put a lot of effort in preserving this environment by firstly introducing the Air Pollutant Index (API). The API is an indicator of air quality and was developed based on scientific assessment to indicate in an easily understood manner (Department of Environment, 2007). Besides, the Department of Environment (DOE) also conducted the National Ambient Noise Monitoring Programme to determine the Malaysian ambience status in year 2006 (Department of Environment, 2007). For the river water quality control, the DOE has started to monitoring the river since 1978 (Department of Environment, 2007). 2. Literature Review 2.1.1 Definitions of tourism There is no single definition of tourism to which everyone adheres. Many definitions have been used over the years, some of which are universal and can be applied to any situation, while others fulfill a specific purpose (Weaver and Lawton, 2010). But a more recent definition from WTO (1991 cited in Mason, 2003, p. 5) defined tourism as the activities of a person traveling outside his or her usual environment for less than a specified period of time whose main purpose of travel is other than for exercise of an activity remunerated from the place visited. However, none of these two definitions makes any connection to the impacts of tourism whereby impacts are the key to any discussion of the planning and management of tourism (Mason 2003, p. 5). But Jafari (1981, p. 3 cited in Mason, 2003, p.5) stated that tourism is a study of man (sic) away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and the impacts that both he and the industry have for the socio-cultural, economic and physical environments. 2.2 Tourism Planning Approaches 2.2.1 Boosterism Boosterism has long existed ever since tourism started. Boosterism can also be defined as the act of boosting a travel destination or a city which are done usually by the people in the area affected. Hall (2000) comment that boosterism has long been the dominant tradition towards tourism since mass tourism began. Hence, sorts of effective method are being exploited in order to boost a place. A place which is full of resources such as cultural and natural can be taken as an example. Malaysia is a good set of example for cultural and nature tourism with its existing rich resources. Although boosterism has been active for a long period but it was only discovered by people when big event such as Commonwealth games and Formula 1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ racing event are being held in different countries (Hall, 2000). The changes in tourist arrival and room supply by hotel can be noticed easily when these huge event are being held. It can be seen that Malaysia has been trying hard to promote the country by using different type of promotion to attract different type of tourist. For example, there is one event called Malaysia Year End Sale (YES) that is ongoing from 20 November 2010 to 2 January 2011 (Tourism Malaysia, 2010). The event purpose is to attract shopping tourist to Malaysia because at that time, all shop around Malaysia will be having alot of discount which can never be seen during other period. Another side of boosterism by Malaysia is advertising. The Minister of Tourism Malaysia has launched an advertising campaign called ZOOM! Malaysia for SMRT trains, busses, and taxis in Singapore (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). This advertising campaign specifically targets the public transport because it was popular among the locals and foreign tourists (Tourism Malaysia, 2008). From another side we can also see that Malaysia has successfully in promoting Malaysia in September 2006 whereby Tourism Malaysia has signed a  £2 million deal with Manchester United to promote Visit Malaysia Year 2007. This has also directly make Tourism Malaysia as one of the official sponsors of Manchester United Football Club (MANUTD, 2010). 2.2.2 Economic When tourism emerged as a part of economic sector in the decades following World War II, most researchers and government administrators assumed its growth to be a positive and desirable process (Lawton, 2010). Ever since then, many countries have used this as an opportunity to promote their country to other world as a tourist attraction. Countries with natural resources such as cultural and heritage area, historical place that are left behind after the impact of war will be a great benefit to the particular country in promoting tourism. Actually what can tourism contributes to a countrys economic status? The contribution can usually be measured at either a national level or at the local or regional scale. The impacts of tourism to economy are as follow: foreign exchange earnings; government revenues; generation of employment; regional development. One of the main characteristics of the economic approach is the use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitor who will provide the greatest economic benefit to the destination given the destinations specific tourist resources (Hall, 2000). For example, the Malaysia Year End Sale promotion that will be launching soon. Although the promotion will be all around Malaysia but it will be more focus on Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia because tourist will normally more focus in capital city. With the plenty of resources available in capital city such as high-end shopping malls, the promotion can be executed flawlessly with its aim achieved. 2.2.3 Physical/Spatial In the last decade of the twentieth century, it was noted that tourism depends ultimately upon the environment, as it is a major tourism attraction itself, or is the context in which tourism activity takes place (Holden, 2000). However, Lawton and Weaver (2010) argued that problems can occur if a destination becomes too dependent on tourism, or if the sector is controlled (or is perceived to be controlled) by outside interests. It is indeed a fact that tourism can cause both invisible and visible impacts to the environment. Therefore in order to minimise the impact that tourism can caused to the environment, Hall (2000) suggests that visitor managers should seek to manipulate travel patterns by concentrating or dispersing tourists in sensitive areas. For example, many national park limits a certain number of visitors per day to ensure minimal impact that can be caused to the area. Malaysia is indeed a most fortunate country that are blessed with a wide range of natural and cultural assets. Since it is blessed with so many assets, people who lived in the country each has their own responsibilities to take care of the environment. Therefore, the Malaysia government has come up with a campaign called 1MALAYSIA GREEN TOURISM, 1MALAYSIA CLEAN. The reason for launching this event was to built up the passion of people in keeping clean the environment, especially tourist attraction destinations. This campaign was also based on the tagline Think Tourism. Act Tourism by Minister of Tourism, YB Dato Sri Dr, Ng Yen Yen (1Malaysia Green Clean). 2.2.4 Community 2.2.5 Sustainable 2.3 The Butlers theory Time Number of tourists Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation Stagnation (Rejuvenation) (Continued stagnation) (Decline) Critical carrying capacity threshold Source: Adapted from Butler 1980. 2.3.1 Exploration An explanation from oxford dictionary described exploration as the action of searching an area for natural resources. This can also be explained as a tourist tried to explore a destination (tourist destination) for leisure or relaxation. According to Butler, the exploration stage is characterised by very small numbers of visitors who are dispersed throughout the destnation and remain for an extended period of time ( Lawton and Weaver, 2010). In brief, exploration can also be described as the pre-tourism or the starting of a tourist attraction destination where not many people are there yet and most of the people does not know about it. Visitors that went to the place will experienced the most rural kind of services whereby improvement have not been done yet. Most of the exploration usually started from urban area. Malaysia first exploration started in the 13th century when Malacca was founded by a Sumatran prince. The place later became the most influential port city in the Southeast Asia during that time. That is the place where traders from all part of the world gathered and that was the time Malaysia was exposed to other countries visitors. But after Malaysia being exposed, a lot of countries tried to conquer Malaysia due to its rich resources. After 138 years, Malaysia finally gained its independence in 1957and since then Malaysia has undergone a tremendous growth and prosperity since 1957. 2.3.2 Involvement The involvement in here means that the involvement parties which may include visitors, government, or entrepreneurs. Local entrepreneurs will begin to provide a limited amount of specialised services and facilities in response to the appearance of tourists, thereby inaugurating an incipient tourism industry (Lawton and Weaver, 2010). Specialised services such as small eating places, inn, and maybe small transportation services might also be available. With these services, visitors might also be increasing but in a slow phase because things are still undeveloped. The role of advertising will also started in this phase as it will induces a definable pattern of seasonal variation. The place will started to get mentioned in articles and brochures but the affected part are still considered a small area. Word-of-mouth start to spread in a slow manner. 2.3.3 Development 2.3.4 Consolidation 2.3.5 Stagnation 2.3.6 Rejuvenation or Decline Rejuvenation Decline 3. Methodology The method that was used in completing this assignment includes web browsing. Several web search engine are being used frequently are Google, Yahoo and Wikipedia. These web search engine are only being used as a bridge to the information that we needed. Besides, government website are also being used frequently to acquire important facts and figures about the country. Website such as Malaysia Tourism Board, Department of Statistics Malaysia, and Malaysia Government Portal are where some of the facts and figures being collected. Other than websites, the information was also collected from books that are available daily in our institute. Several books have been lent in order to complete this assignment. Books such as Tourism Management, Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships, and Tourism Impacts: Planning and Management are noticeable throughout the assignment as citations are mostly quoted from these books. E-journal has also contributed quite some figure in this assignment whereby most of them are acquire through the institute research databases which are the MDIS EBSCOhost research databases. 4. Analysis and Discussions

Henri Matisse Essay -- Art Artisit

Henri Matisse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henri Matisse was born December 31st, 1869 to two storeowners, Emile and Heloise Matisse. His father wanted him to be a lawyer, so later on in life he could takeover the family business. They sent him to Henri Martin Grammar School where he studied to be a lawyer. There was a hint of artist in Henri because while working as a lawyer’s assistant he took up a drawing course (Essers 7). It was for curtain design but it seemed to be destiny for a lawyer’s assistant to take up such a distant hobby as drawing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 21, his intestinal operation led to appendicitis. Henri was on bed rest for most of 1890 and to help him occupy his time, his mother bought him a set of paints. That was the turning point in Henri’s life. He decided to give up his career in law for a career in art. Matisse himself said, â€Å"It was as if I had been called. Henceforth I did not lead my life. It led me† (Getlein 80). Soon after, Henri began to take classes at the Academie Julian to prepare himself for the entrance examination at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (Essers 7). Henri failed his first attempt, leading to his departure from the Academie. He then enrolled at the Ecole des Arts decoratifs and that is where his friendship with Albert Marquet began. They started working alongside of Gustave Moreau, a distinguished teacher at Ecole des Beaux-Arts, even though they had not been accepted (Essers 12). In 1895, Henri finally passed the Beaux-Arts entrance examination and his pa thway to his new career choice had officially begun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henri studied under Moreau at the Beaux-Arts. Moreau obviously impressed with his student, told him, â€Å"You were born to simplify painting† (Getlein 80). It was at the Beaux-Arts where he met another Moreau student named Derain. Matisse and Derain would grow to become friends and future trendsetters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During a visit to Brittany, Matisse discovered Impressionism (Essers 8). The works of Cezanne and Van Gogh influenced him. When he returned, he exhibited his first painting, Dinner Table, in 1897. This was his first painting of impressionistic style. Matisse’s art began to concentrate on landscapes, still life, and domestic interiors. Still life is a theme Henri would follow for the rest of his career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henri tried to return to the Beaux-Arts after the release of Dinner T... ...g, but not what he meant. Was it supposed to be taken as seen or is their hidden meaning behind the scenes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The iconography of the picture could represent art in the view of the fauvists. Fauvists wanted to be free from tradition and natural colors. They wanted to be free to explore their world of colors as they saw fit. Fauvists and expressionists did not like to be held to strict rules when it came to painting. It could be that Le Bonheur de Vivre was a state in which they where trying to reach, but in reality could get never get there. On the other hand, could it be a place where they could only reach in their dreams? Critics have struggled with the interpretation of Matisse’s painting since the first display. That may have been Matisse’s meaning after all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Essers, Volkmar. Henri Matisse, 1869-1954: Master of Colour. Taschen: Koln, 1987. Flam, Jack. Matisse: The Dance. National Gallery of Art: Washington D.C., 1993. Flam, Jack. Matisse: The Man and His Art, 1869-1918. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 1986. Getlein, Mark. Gilbert’s Living With Art: Sixth Ed. McGraw Hill: New York, 2002.

Electronics :: essays research papers

Microsoft® Word Viewer 97, the newest member of the Word Viewer family, is a freeware product that allows you to view and print Microsoft Word 97 documents. Like previous versions of Word Viewer, the latest version can also open documents created with all previous versions of Word for Windows and version 4.x and above of Microsoft Word for Macintosh®. You cannot edit an open document in Word Viewer 97. However, if you have Word 97 installed, Word Viewer can open the document in Word. You can also copy text to the Clipboard to paste it in other applications. Microsoft encourages you to distribute Word Viewer 97 along with your Word 97 documents to people who do not have Microsoft Word 97. What’s New in Microsoft Word Viewer 97 Microsoft Word Viewer 97 is optimized for displaying Word documents inside Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x and above. If you have Netscape Navigator 2.x or above, Word Viewer Setup will install a plug-in that allows Word Viewer 97 to display documents inside the Navigator window. Word Viewer 97 includes the following, market-leading Microsoft Word 97 features:  Online Layout View for easy reading of online documents, including those with background colors and textures  Document Map for point-and-click navigation through longer documents  Hyperlink navigation to open any hyperlink in a document with your installed browser System Requirements for Word Viewer 97  A personal computer with a 486 or higher processor  Microsoft Windows® 95 operating system or Microsoft Windows NT® Workstation operating system 3.51 or later  4 MB of memory for Windows 95 (8 MB recommended)  12 MB of memory for Windows NT Workstation  7 MB of hard disk space (9 MB free for installation only)  VGA or higher-resolution video adapter  Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device Ordering Microsoft Word 97 If you would like to order the retail version of Microsoft Word 97, contact the Microsoft Order Desk at (800) 360–7561 in the U.S., visit the Microsoft Online Shop, or contact your local Microsoft subsidiary. To locate your subsidiary, see the Microsoft World Wide Offices Web site at:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.microsoft.com/worldwide/default.htm Contents To jump directly to any topic, click its page number in the table of contents below. Microsoft Word Viewer 97 for Windows 95 and Windows NT  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 What’s New in Microsoft Word Viewer 97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 System Requirements for Word Viewer 97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 Ordering Microsoft Word 97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Contents  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Technical Support for Microsoft Word Viewer 97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Microsoft Knowledge Base  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 The World Wide Web  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 TechNet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Microsoft FTP Site  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Microsoft FastTips  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 Information on using Microsoft Word Viewer 97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5

Why Do Employees at Firms Such as Apple Computer Work?

Case 01 Because of downsizing of apple computers survivors has no other option except working hard and long hours to protect their job. The management also has big role to change workers perception to work hard and long hours otherwise workers will stressed and withdrawal behavior may occur. As stated in the case, apple computer workers wearing the t-shirts that proclaim â€Å"90 hours a week and loving it! † is a kind of management actions will help to change their workers personality, perception and make positive attitude on working hard and long hours Also they provide mobile phones, pagers and computers to their workers for telecommuting.This will helps to balance their work- life balance. The motivation factors of the organization will be most important for retain the workers and encourage them to work hard and long hours in a effective manner with positive attitudes. Job satisfaction of the employees will happily contribute to the organization positively and effectively also, organizational commitment of the employees will play major role.If employees are well committed in to the organization, they will do their best to the organization in a happily and positively. As stated in the case, managements try to select the employees with personality to work long hours when requiting the new employees so they don’t need to do much to change employees attitudes to work around the clock since when they apply the job they are ready to work long hours. Nations Trust Bank in sri lanka also practiced downsizing during the Global economic recession in year 2009.They have terminated their temporary staff at counters in all branches to reduce their administrative cost so survived staff has to work hard and long hours to complete the usual process. Nations Trust Bank is normally operating 8 hours per day and 365 days per year. due to this downsizing front level managers also has to fill the counter work and finally they are stressed but they don’t hav e any other option since Nations Trust Bank having good image and value on banking sector in sri lanka and it’s a subsidiary of popular john keels group employees hesitate to switch their job.By understanding this by the top management at nations trust bank change some structural, process and behavioral changing strategies to keep their workers more positively and effectively. They also staff to ware t-shirts on holiday work they allow their employees to work on shift basis & flexible work arrangements. Also they provide outbound training and many other personality development training programs and Extrinsic motivations like salary increments.

Gambling addiction Essay

The text states that the one problem in gambling has visibly endured is known as problem gambling. Government officials have long demanded a solution from gaming operators to address this major issue. Too many issues go along with problem gambling such as crime, family and work problems, and financial damage. Fortunately, the gaming industry as a whole has sought to be proactive in combatting the issue. They feared being viewed in the same light as the tobacco or firearm industry by ignoring major problems with their products. Are the steps that they have taken enough, or is gambling in general a major threat to society that should be avoided? The American Psychiatric Association refers to problem gambling as pathological gambling. There are generally speaking two different types of problem gamblers; action problem gamblers and escape problem gamblers. Gambling addiction is just as valid of an illness as addiction to alcohol or drugs. Its prevalence is linked directly to the ease of access of gambling in our society. However, just like drugs and alcohol, only a small percentage of the population is prone to this illness. Gambling addicts in general either lose all of their money, accumulate massive debt, file for bankruptcy, and in the worst cases commit suicide because they are hopeless. What steps has the gaming industry taken to prevent these horrible outcomes? I spoke to my long-time friend Alan Erskine, who now works as the Public Affairs Coordinator at the American Gaming Association in Washington D. C. I needed to find out if they were taking appropriate precautions to prevent these people from self-destruction. He assured me that, â€Å"The gaming industry has made many contributions to curbing problem gambling. The first is the creation of the National Center for Responsible Gaming, which is the largest funder of scholarly studies on how to best curb addiction. The industry also makes various efforts to educate customers about possible negative effects of gambling. This includes: posting signs around the casino floor, advertising the problem gambling hotline and ensuring customers are not intoxicated while gambling. † I was glad to hear that they were this proactive, but is it enough? The National Center for Responsible Gaming is the only national organization exclusively devoted to funding research to enhance the understanding of pathological gambling. They also search to find effective methods of treatment for the disorder and work to improve prevention, diagnostics, intervention and educating the public about responsible gaming. However, if gambling is the root of the issue to begin with, is it worth expanding gaming in our society? Is educating people really enough to curb the issue? There are countless organizations to prevent drug and alcohol addiction, but the problem still persists. Some critics of legalized gambling would argue that it is the direct cause of the increase in problem gambling and that any of their efforts are just reactive in order to protect their own interests. Alan Erskine responded to this claim stating, â€Å"The industry recognizes that a small segment of the population cannot gamble safely. Studies have shown that about one percent of the population cannot gamble safely. † His response does hold water. The mental disorder of pathological gambling does affect only a small portion of the population. Should the rest of society be restricted just because there are some who can’t gamble responsibly? The same case could be made for alcohol. Only a small percentage of people are alcoholics. The rest of the population should not be prohibited to drink just because a select few cannot handle it responsibly. All the industry can do is provide outlets for people to get help, and educate the public on the dangers of its abuse. The NCRG has yielded very helpful results in order to understand the nature of the psychological disorder. These include statistics on the scope of people affected, more effective treatment options, the role of genetics, and new instruments to measure, screen and diagnose pathological gambling. The more we understand about how this pathological disorder works, the more we can do to diagnose and treat it before the victim gets themselves and others into serious trouble. In conclusion, it is a bit of a cop out to simply blame the gaming industry for the rise in gambling addiction. They have been extremely proactive in trying to curb the issue and bring it to public eye. Even though they didn’t want to be viewed in the same light as other industries like tobacco, alcohol and firearms, it seems inevitable that they would be grouped together. They all provide goods and services that some can enjoy responsibly and others become addicted to and harm themselves or others. Research has consistently pointed out that addiction to gambling produces the same reactions in the brain that you would find from drug and alcohol addiction. However, they should be distinguished from these industries in the fact that they have donated a great deal of time and resources in order to find ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat this pathological disorder. While the acceptance of gambling in society does allow an outlet for those who can become addicted, the vast majority of people have proven they can do responsibly and the industry continues to take significant steps in order help those who suffer from gambling addiction.

Serial Killer Research

The Insanity Of Killers Serial murder is a psychological crime in many aspects. It is a planned, thought out action. The crimes themselves are often committed in order for the killer to gain a sense of power, control, and domination. There must be psychological desires and/or perceived needs that are otherwise lacking in his or her life. Are serial killers insane? Not by legal standards. The legal definition of insanity is based on the 19th century M’Naghten Rules: Does the offender understand the difference between right and wrong?If he flees or makes any attempt to hide the crime, then the offender is not insane, because his actions show that he understood that what he was doing was wrong. Yet what person in their right mind would filet young children and write letters to the parents, glorifying over what a fine meal their child made? In the case of Albert Fish, the jury found him â€Å"insane, but he deserved to die anyway. † A formal definition of legal insanity fir st was adopted in 1843 and is called the M'Naghten test; its basic form still is used today.The test outlines that the defense must clearly prove that the accused person was so impaired psychologically as to not understand that the crime was wrong when he or she committed it. Most crime experts believe that serial killers are not insane and are fully aware of their actions at the time that they commit murders. What's more, serial murderers commit several crimes, so it would follow that they should be proved as insane when planning and committing all the crimes they're charged with.Some serial killers have been diagnosed as psychopaths, or people who act with total disregard for the rights of others; they can tell the difference between right and wrong, however, so psychopaths aren't considered insane. Society believes that the insanity defense is used far more often than it actually is and people believe that the defense is used as a tactic to avoid punishment. People perceive seria l killers as inhumane and question how they could ever commit the crimes that they do.Some think it is inhumane to put a killer to death, but isn’t it even more inhumane to kill as many people as that killer did? One of the most predictable attempts to shift the blame is by creating an evil dark side, or alter ego. Fabricating an alter ego is a convenient way to pin the guilt on another, even if that other is within. It's a psychological variation of â€Å"the devil made me do it. † But diabolical alter egos are usually clumsy constructions that fall apart under scrutiny. At best, a legitimate split personality could hope for a mental institution instead of death row.But authentic cases are exceptionally rare. The motives of serial killers can be placed into five different categories: visionary, missionary, hedonistic, gain motivated, power and control. Visionary is like having that little voice in your head telling you to do something, so the killer listens and even s ometimes tries to shift the blame on to the voice and claiming to be insane. So-called missionary killers believe that their acts are justified on the basis that they are getting rid of a certain type of person and thus doing society a favor.The hedonistic type kills for the sheer pleasure of it, although what aspect they enjoy varies. This is the most common type of serial killer depicted in slasher and horror movies, psychological thrillers, and so on. Gain motivated, most criminals who commit multiple murders for material ends (such as Mafia hit men) are not classed as serial killers, because they are motivated by economic gain rather than psychopathological compulsion. Power and control, their main objective for killing is to gain and exert power over their victim.Such killers are sometimes abused as children, leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and inadequacy as adults. They must be insane, what normal person could slaughter another human, for the sheer pleasure of it? Yet the most chilling fact about serial killers is that they are rational and calculating. As the â€Å"British Jeffrey Dahmer† Dennis Nilsen put it, â€Å"a mind can be evil without being abnormal. † Serial Killer-Psychopathic or Psychotic Differences between the two. What is a serial killer? A serial killer is a person who attacks and kills victims one by one in a series of incidents.Some characteristics of a serial killer is that they have a minimum of three to four victims, usually with a â€Å"cooling off period† in between. The killer usually is likely to victimize a stranger than they are to victimize someone that they know. The serial killer has a sadistic urge to dominate there victims, they do not profit, except for psychological satisfaction. The serial killer usually looks for victims that are vulnerable. The majority of serial killers are white males, in there late 20’s to early 30’s, but some have been known to be a lot older.Serial k illers usually come from lower to middle class family backgrounds and they usually have at least an average intelligence. There are two types of serial killers, the psychotic and the psychopath. The psychotic serial killer is one who is legally insane, they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong, they may hear voices, see visions and sometimes may have hallucinations prior to committing the murders. â€Å"The son of Sam† aka David Berkowitz is a great example of a psychotic serial killer. The second type of serial killer is the psychopathic serial killer.The psychopathic serial killer does not suffer from hallucinations, they know the difference between right and wrong, and are in touch with reality, they just do not care what the are doing is not right. Psychopathic serial killers lack one very important trait and that is that they do not have a conscience, or that there conscience is too weak to stop the violent behavior. A psychopathic serial killer does not fe el any guilt, nor are they sorry for there actions. There are numerous theories as to whether a person is born with the predisposition to kill; some theories suggest that the psychopath is a product of his/her environment.It is possible that it is a combination of both genetics anjd the person’s environment. The worst part of a psychopathic serial killer is his/her ability to blend in with their environment. They will act normal, but underneath there persona, lies two uncontrollable traits; sexual abnormality and a consuming need for power. The killing satisfies both the ultimate control over life and death. Simply, killing gives them pleasure, they will because they want to and because they enjoy doing so.The only thing that stops a serial killer from committing these types of killings is either they are arrested or they die. Works Cited Debswood, . â€Å"Serial Killer – Psychopathic or Psychotic. † Scienceray. 19 2008. Web. 2 Nov 2012. . Ward, Daniel. â€Å"T he M'Naghten Rule: A Re-evaluation. † Marquette Law Review. Marquette Law Scholarly Commons, n. d. Web. 4 Nov 2012. . Bardsley, Marilyn. â€Å"Albert Fish. † Trutv-Crime Library. A Time Warner Company. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Sullivan, Andrew. â€Å"Mind of Madness. † Studymode. studymode. com, 27 2011. Web. 5 Nov 2012. .

Professional Ethics

Running head: PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional Ethics Donna Noha University of Phoenix Professional Ethics We as nurses are accountable for our ethical conduct. So what are ethics? How are ethics different from our morals? In this paper, I will define what ethics are, describe the significance of professional ethics to nursing practice, summarize the purpose and the contexts of the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics, and finally discuss two the provisions of the ANA Code of Ethics. So are morals different from ethics? Morals and ethics are similar. Morals are an individual’s belief or personal standard of what is right and wrong, whether it is someone’s conduct, attitude, or character. Ethics can be referred to as beliefs, standards, or morals of a specific group, such as nurses (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, & Erb, 2006). Nursing practice has its own professional ethics. The nursing codes of ethics are formal statements of standards for professional conduct and inform the public of its commitment. What do nurses do with this Code of Ethics? Nurses have more of a moral responsibility due to having knowledge in a specialized area to help other people. Duties of a nurse are to protect and maximize the patient’s well-being, even if we are not working. For example, if there is car accident that a nurse witnesses and there are injured people, that nurse has the responsibility to take act within her nursing skills to help the injured. The significance of ethics in nursing practice is very important. Nurses have to think of the client’s health, well being, and their morals instead of only of their own. The ANA created the Scope and Standard of Practice, which include the Nurse Code of ethics. But what does that Code of Ethics entail? The ANA Code of Ethics was designed so that every nurse must act and think certain ways ensuring that the patient’s rights are protected as well as the nurse’s rights are protected. The Code of Ethics provides rules and standard for nurses to maintain and elicit ethical behavior that is expected when practicing nursing in any health care settings. The Code also gives guidance for decision making that concerns ethical issues. ( Hooks & White, 2003) The Code of Ethics consists of nine provisions. The first three provisions deal with fundamental values and responsibilities that the nurse assumes. The next three involve the nurse’s duties to oneself, accountability, and improvement. The last three discuss the nurse’s responsibility of professional advancement, collaboration, and the overall concern of human rights (Hooks & White, 2003). Provision two and three of the Code of Ethics for Nurses states â€Å"the nurse’s primary commitment is the patient† and â€Å"the nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, & Erb, 2006)† These two provisions fit well together. The main concern is of the patient’s well being and best interest. This means that the patient is number one priority for the nurse. The nurse will be that patient’s advocate and speak on his/her behalf and informs the patient of treatment. For example, when performing minor procedures in my clinic, it is my responsibility to ensure that the patient signs the consent form stating that he/she knows why the procedure is being done, risks and benefits of both the procedure being done or not, and that they have a right to refuse treatment. A lot of the times, the provider doesn’t explain everything, so it is my ethical responsibility to ask questions for the patient so they understand everything. These provisions have ethical principles of nursing practice that apply to each of the nine provisions. Key ethical principles used in provision two and three include autonomy because the nurse respects the patient’s decisions. Nonmaleficence and beneficence is also key principles in these provisions. These two are basic principles of nursing practice. The nurse will have the patient’s best interest in mind and will do no harm to the patient. In conclusion, I have discussed what professional ethics are and how they are based on morals and the significance in nursing practice. I also discussed that the purpose of the ANA Code of Ethics is to serve as a standard of practice and that in contains nine provisions. Of those nine, I discussed provision two and three with key principles for those. References Blais, K. , Hayes, J. , Kozier, B. , & Erb, G. (2006). Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Hooks, K. G. & White, G. B. (2003). ANA's code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements independent study module. American Nurses Association. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http://www. nursingworld. org/mods/mod580/cecdetoc. htm

Community Corrections Paper Essay

When people think of community corrections they may imagine offenders coexisting with the community. To some this is cause for immediate alarm, but community corrections is happening all around us every day, and in many cases, community corrections is actively effective. Community corrections is practiced in countries other than the United States, and impacts each community it is practiced in. It was the late 70s, when officials finally began to take a deeper look into other ways to handle offenders besides the obvious. With growing prison and jail populations, and institutions filling up with first time offenders, offenders convicted of nonviolent crimes, and misdemeanors, many states determined that under proper limitations and regulations, many nonviolent and petty offenders could be maintained securely in their homes, or in halfway homes. These offenders could check in daily to drug treatment programs reporting centers, or community service centers. This notion is what helped ins pire the community corrections programs of today. The practice of community programs is beneficial to both offenders, and the communities they return to. The offender learns accountability in the sense that they learn to be responsible for their time and what they do within that time. Communities are impacted by community corrections in a partially indirect way. The community can claim those who successfully complete the community corrections programs, and utilize the resource provided by the programs, as law abiding and productive citizens of the community. Thus these offenders will no longer pose a threat to the community. My theory about community corrections and their overall effectiveness within the correctional system  is community corrections will evolved and find more efficient ways to help offenders become productive members of society. I imagine the evolution of community corrections programs will be a slow process, but I feel that it is with evolution and innovativeness during evolution that community corrections programs will improve there effectiveness. The United States is not the only country that focuses on humane treatment of prisoners, and rehabilitation within the prison system. Places like Norway, and Indonesia have a prison system that focus es on treatment and rehabilitation through programs. A prison in Norway has been accused of making the prions experience too cushy. Bastoy is equipped with a church, a library, and working toilets in the cells. What many in Norway view as a luxury some would consider necessity. Despite debates about the prisoner treatment in Norway prisons, this area of Europe has the lowest reoffending rate in Europe, and the crimes rates in this area of the world remain at an all-time, low, (James, 2013). Prisons in Indonesia view what they do as a service to the prisoner, and the public. According to the Forgiven Prisoner Support service, (2013), â€Å"services are offered to prisoners in the form of drug and substance abuse and rehabilitation services†, (p, 1). These efforts are specifically aimed at ensuring that the prisoners will be able to live a fulfilling and law abiding life after their release from prison. Considering that all of the prisons I researched seemed to focus on rehabilitation and treatment of prisoners, rather than stern and harsh punishment. During my research I found that it is not apparent that the United States’ prison system would be greatly if affected if it were to focus on imprisonment under the terms that foreign countries seem to focus on. Rehabilitation seems to be the recurring topic when referring to prison systems in this country, as well as others. In the end, it all comes down to the fact that community corrections programs are effective in many cases. If I were to suggest a community corrections program in my neighborhood, I would suggest a program that provides an opportunity for offenders to maintain work within the community. I would suggest projects that include cleaning dilapidated buildings and structures as a sort of beautification project. I would suggest these types of projects within the community that the offender  lives. I would suggest this type of program because I feel that if offenders played a part in cleaning up their communities they may be less likely to commit acts that will bring their communities down. This type of community correction would help build pride in the offender for where they live, and would make them what to keep the area nice. Community corrections is a reputable tool used to aid in the criminal justice system’s struggle to keep offenders functioning as active members of the comm unity. Countries all across the world have the same central focus, which is rehabilitation and treatment for prisoners. It is not plausible that so many prisons systems in the world have it all wrong with their treatment and rehabilitation approach. While some may question the effectiveness of community corrections, the active programs and growing implementation of community corrections in prison system across the country indicate that these programs indeed yield valid and tangible results for those who participate and complete them. References; James, E. (2013). Norwegian Prison. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/feb/25/norwegian-prison-inmates-treated-like-people Foreign Prisoner Support Service. (2012). News at Foreign Prisons. Retrieved from http://www.foreignprisoners.com/prison-indonesia.html

Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports - Essay Example The basketball class focused on teaching the methods of defense, ball handling, guarding, passing, shooting, and offense. These classes provide a wonderful opportunity for the students to learn and develop their physical, mental, and social skills. Physically it helps the students develop stamina, remain physically healthy and active, while also leading to weight reduction. Overall, extracurricular activities such as outdoor sports provide general health improvement. Sports also help in the development of social skills such as cooperation and teamwork. Task 6 was looking for coding qualitative measures of teaching in the class. I counted how many times the teacher accurately conducted to inform, refine, extend, repeat, and apply the individual task. I also measured how many students had clearly understood and responded based on three different teaching cues and based on the teacher’s information and demonstrations. At the beginning of the class, the teacher defined and described the basketball rules, movements, skills, and techniques. Those learning concepts were easy to understand for most students as they had been playing basketball from a very young age. However, to ensure that all students had a thorough knowledge of all the different individual tasks, the teacher tested their knowledge by asking some random questions. When the teacher found that a student faltered in answering properly, the teacher went through the question again till he was convinced that the student had understood it properly. The introductory game of basketball is basketball relays. The purpose of the game is improvement of dribbling skill while the students run. The teacher divided the class into four teams. Each team player was asked to line up behind the line. The first team player then dribbled the ball to the assigned line and returned back the ball to the next member of their team. A few players preferred using le ft handed dribble or alternating hand dribble which was permitted by the teacher. After the basketball relays was played, the teacher made some changes to the original task content, and manipulated it to reach an advanced condition. The aim was for the students to gain practice in dribbling, passing, and shooting skills in the next assigned task. Moreover, the teacher looked for a variety of variations and responses. He divided the basketball court into nine red boxes by using blue tape prior to starting the class. The players took position each in one box. Only one ball was given to all nine players. Each player was allowed just one chance to shoot into a basket without leaving the assigned box. If a player succeeds in obtaining a score, he or she could leave the box, but if a player failed to do so he would have to pass the ball to the next box player. It worked in a clockwise direction. The next task was to qualitatively seek to develop the previous activity that focused on impro ving the mechanics of basketball skills or tactical aspects of play. All the basketball skills were practiced: dribbling, passin

Shakira (2pages) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shakira (2pages) - Research Paper Example She is known worldwide for her art of singing, dancing and writing that makes her one of the most liked artists of the world. (Shakira Espanol, 2011). The flavour that she adds to the parties and attraction that people feel in her singing performances, shall be elaborated upon in paragraphs to follows. Shakira was born in Barranquilla, Colombia. Her father was a jeweller. Her mother chose many names for her but finally Shakira was agreed upon. Shakira means â€Å"thankful† in Arabic language. Shakira’s father took great care to groom his daughter for future challenges.Shakira started reading things at the age of three. She started belly dance at the age of four without taking guidance from anybody. She was abit weak in studies and was mostly found absentminded.(Shakira Espanol, 2011) Her work in the fields of music and dance was always highly appreciated in Latin America. She got her numerous albums recorded in the early age and got fame worldwide. She has the mastery o f singing and writing in Spanish and American. (Shakira Espanol, 2011) Shakira has been gifted with a very pleasant personality. Her charming face is the main cause of her success. Whenever she is addressing the audience or speaking to the camera, she is always smiling. She conveys very romantic feelings to audience during singing and belly dance to amuse the people.

The concept of globalisation and assess if globalistion brings Essay

The concept of globalisation and assess if globalistion brings economic success to all countries - Essay Example To underline the influence of the aspect of globalisation, it should be noted that globalisation manifests itself under different dimensions in the economic, cultural, health, social, political, environmental, security, and even in other spheres of the world. Nonetheless, the focus of this expose will discuss globalisation within an economic perspective with globalisation defined as the process of economic integration based on the exchanging of products, worldviews, various aspects of culture, and ideas within an economic perspective (Margalit, 2012). Advancements in technological, transportation, and communication infrastructure have promoted an interconnection between nations in the world. Hence, trade activities have intensified across the world leading to a new phenomenon known as international trade, which is a result of globalisation. International trade underlines a situation whereby various jurisdictions exchange each other in the exchange of services and goods across international territorial boundaries (Ingham, 2004). In this case, international trade has become synonymous with globalisation as nations increasingly engage in business with each other at the international front. Each nation has a unique domestic market. Hence, the effects of globalisation on each market vary due to its uniqueness and various determining factors. Some national markets are filled with products from other countries with domestic products suffering especially in instances whereby the cost of production in a specific country is high. These effects are due to the integration of global markets with each nation’s market incorporating various aspects of the global market with producers focusing not only on the domestic markets, but also expanding their production to reach the global markets (Intriligator, 2003).. Integration of markets within the global economy has occurred through various approaches. Among them, Mussa (2000) identifies interactions between individuals as the

Secondary Source Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Secondary Source Review - Essay Example the Russian Empire or within the Russian Army during the Seven Years War; due in part to the fact that most of the battles and exploits of the war did not take place within Russian territory of that time. Nonetheless, the shifts and changes that this level of Western exposure effected on the Russian Empire, specifically upon the military, paved the way for rapid success and development that would be effected during and after Peter the Greats reign as Tsar. The main source of primary material that is utilized was drawn from the art of the era and the sketches of officers and cadets that sought to capture in drawing the changes in tactics, dress, and discipline that were being effected on an army that had otherwise changed very little over the past several centuries. The addition of these sketches is essential in helping the reader t o visualize the changes not only in the way that troops dressed but with respect to the way in which military service was performed and the changes that existed between the new Western models and the older traditional model of military strategy and engagement that had been the staple of the Russian army for such a long period of time. The primary argument of the author is concentric upon the fact that even though most scholarship concerning the Seven Years War has been focused on Western Europe, important changes were also being exhibited within the Russian Empire of Peter the Great; changes that would ultimately lead this newly resilient Russian Empire to defeat the Swedish and claim further territory throughout Northern Europe. Moreover, the author also points to the understanding that it was the Seven Years War, and by extension Peter the Great that ultimately set the stage for Catherine the Great and the era in which this Tsaress would capitalize on the modernizations and improvements in tactics, approach, equipment, and training that Peter the Great had made as a means of expanding the Russian Empire to a degree not previously

Ethics in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in Business - Essay Example With respect to the case of Hugo seeking to present his opinion with regards to the new product line that is being marketed, this specific analysis will focus upon three distinct questions and the means through which an ethical interpretation of this specific issue can be affected. Accordingly, the first question will be concentric upon representing the ethical issues that are demonstrated and coming to an ethically reasoned course of understanding with respect to the best practices that could be exhibited by Hugo. The second question focuses upon the most challenging aspects of this analysis and the use and application of ethical theory to make the relevant decisions. Finally, the third question helps to review the experience and provide a discussion and analysis upon how the course module has helped in affecting an ethical decision-making structure within sections 1 and 2. It is the further hope of this author that the analysis will be useful in not only representing the overall le vel of knowledge which was gained within the course but also helping to craft a very realistic and likely scenario that could have a great deal of relevance with regards the way in which future ethical business decision-making is engendered. Question 1: Firstly, rather than being overwhelmed by the complexity of this specific case, it is necessary to understand that a seven step utilitarian method of understanding can be applied to the marketing approach and concerns that Hugo represents. This seven step approach includes the following: the representation of the facts, the representation of the ethical issues, a discussion of the alternatives, a discussion and representation of the stakeholders, and analysis of the ethical alternatives, a discussion and analysis of practical constraints, and a discussion and analysis of which actions to take and why. Firstly, with regards to a discussion of fact, it must be understood that Hugo has already presented a profound level of research whic h helps to denote the fact that individuals who are measurably less attractive than average experience a great deal of physical and psychological harm throughout the course of their lives. The psychological harm is oftentimes in direct due to the fact that individuals within society actively judge them and determine themselves as somehow better than those who are physically less appealing than they are. By means of comparison, the physical drawbacks that had previously been denoted are oftentimes secondary and in direct; resulting from the fact that an individual who experiences the primary censure and ridicule that society is able to pour upon them for being physically less appealing than their counterparts can have a litany of different negative impact upon the overall health and longevity of the individuals. This oftentimes takes place with regards to an increased level of heart disease, high blood pressure, and a litany of different issues. Secondly, the ethical issues involved in this case necessarily are concentric upon the question of whether or not a particular marketer has an ethical responsibility to represent their products in a thoughtful and societally conscious manner. From a review of history, it can and must be noted that marketers helped to engender and promote biases, norms, and/4 sexism, racism, or levels of xenophobia. Accordingly, one does not need to look into the distant past to realize that marketers

Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business - Assignment Example The academic journal by Orlando Behling (1998) titled â€Å"Employee selection: will intelligence and consciousness do the job† has put concerted effort to settle this challenge. According to Behling (1998), there seems to be commonalities among the employers during the recruitment of employees which attempt to match the best employee to the jobs. The interest of all employers is to recruit the best that they can select, however the method that they use does not lead to the wish that they have. On that account, a number of the managers now questions the succinct matching approach that can give the best from the group of job seekers. In that line, the managers now have an idea that top performers are those that can be successful in almost, if not all jobs. This is one of the yard stick that can be used. In further attempt to unknot this conundrum, an examination that was made at Gatewood and Fields Human resource selection, had footsteps that could establish the best matching approach of the best performer with the job. According to the examination, an emphasis was made on the imperativeness of the industrial psychologist and the human resource managers in in matching the best performers and the employment (Behling, 1998). The article goes ahead to explain the other modalities that are on the use to enhance the matching of the best performer to the employment. The use of intelligence is hinged on the idea that the smart people finish first. Using this mantra, most of the employers having been using this matching technique to have the recruitment work done. The explanation of the word has been used in getting into the core reason why it has been used weather consciously or unconsciously. It defined as the human talent to solve problem. There are ten intelligence that human being are endowed with. They include deductive, inductive, memory, mechanical, numerical, perpetual reasoning, spatial, verbal and vocabulary. Using this

An issue or problem at work from the perspective of an emplyee Essay - 1

An issue or problem at work from the perspective of an emplyee - Essay Example As employees of the company we work hard and we expect to get paid accordingly. The second problem that I want to bring to the table is the fact that during the past few weeks the workers have been receiving their weekly paychecks late. This situation puts a great burden on the employees because often by not receiving their checks on time they dont have enough money to put gas in the car to come to work and in their personal life they cant put food and other items they need to survive due to the irresponsibility of the firm. These two problems have put a great burden on the relationship between the company and its employees. The company must have notice by now that the overall production at the firm has gone down as a consequence of the actions of the company. The company obviously cannot expect the workers to keep producing at a high level when all these problems are going on. I have personally talked to dozens of employees who have told me that they are seriously considering quitting their job because they feel the company does not care about their well being. The motivation of the workers is extremely low as a consequence of the actions of the company. These problems must be attended immediately otherwise a lot of employees are going to leave the company. It is in the best interest of the company to attend these issues in order raise employee morale and motivation. To resolve the situation I have some recommendations for the managerial staff of the company. If I was the manager in charge of the company I would have done things a lot differently. Once I realized that bonuses could not be paid I would have communicated openly with the workers the root of the problem. Instead of using avoidance I would cooperate with the workers to find a reasonable resolution. For instance if the firm did not pay the bonuses because it could not afford it a solution was to offer the workers a new system that pays half the bonuses or up to $3 extra an hour. This

History and Physical Examination Essay Example for Free

History and Physical Examination Essay Admitting Diagnosis: Stomatitis possibly methotrexate related. Chief Complaint: Swelling of lips causing difficulty swallowing. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This patient is a 57-year-old Cuban woman with a long history of rheumatoid arthritis. She has received methotrexate on a weekly basis as an outpatient for many years. Approximately two weeks ago she developed a respiratory infection for which she received antibiotics and completed that course of antibiotics. She developed some ulcerations of her mouth and was instructed to discontinue the methotrexate approximately 10 days ago. She showed some initial improvement but over the last 3 to 5 days has had malaise, a low grade fever and severe oral ulcerations with difficulty in swallowing. Although she can drink liquids with less difficulty. Patient denies any other problems at this point except for a flare of arthritis since discontinuing the methotrexate. She has rather diffuse pain involving both small and large joints. This has caused her some anxiety. MEDICATIONS: 1. Prednisone 7.5 mg p.o. daily. 2. Estradiol 0.5 mg p.o. q.a.m. 3. Mobic 7.5 mg p.o. daily, recently discontinued because of questionable allergic reaction. 4. HCTZ 35 mg p.o. every other day and oral calcium supplements. 5. In the past she has been on penicillamine, azathioprine, and hydroxychloroquine but she has not had Azulfidine, cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil. ALLERGIES: None by history. FAMILY/SOCIAL HISTORY: None contributory. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: This is a chronically ill appearing female alert oriented and cooperative. She moved with great difficulty because of fatigue and malaise. VITAL SIGNS: Blood pressure 107/80. Heart rate 100 and regular. Respirations 22. HEENT: Normocephalic, no scalp lesions, dry eyes with conjunctival injection, mild exophthalmos, dry nasal mucosa, marked  cracking and bleeding of her lips with erosions of the mucosa. She has a large ulceration of the mucosa at the bite margin on the left. She has some scattered ulcerations on her hard and soft palate. She has difficulty opening her mouth because of pain. Tonsils not enlarged. No visible exudate. SKIN: She has some mild ecchymosis on her skin and some erythema. She has patches but no obvious skin breakdown. She has some fissuring in thebuttocks crease. PULMONARY: Clear to percussion and auscultation bilaterally. CARDIOVASCULAR: No murmurs or gallops noted. ABDOMIN: Soft, non-tender, protuberant, no organomegaly and positive bowel sounds. NEUROLOGIC: Cranial nerves 2 through 12 are grossly intact. Diffuse hyporeflexia. MUSCULOSKELETAL: Corrosive destructive changes in the elbows, wrists and hands consistent with rheumatoid arthritis. Has bilateral total knee replacements with stove pipe legs and perimalleolar pitting edema 1+. I feel no pulses distally in either leg. PHYCIATRIC: Patient is a little anxious about these new symptoms and theyre significance. We discussed her situation and I offered her psychological services. She refused for now. PROBLEMS: 1. Swelling of lips and dysphasia with questionable early Stevens-Johnson syndrome. 2. Rheumatoid arthritis class 3, stage 4. 3. Flare of arthritis after discontinuing methotrexate. 4. Osteoporosis with compression fracture. 5. Mild dehydration. 6. Nephrolithiasis 7. Anxiety PLAN: 1. Admit patient for IV hydration and treatment of oral ulcerations. 2. Obtain a dermatology consult.  3. IV leucovorin will be started and the patient will be put on high dose corticosteroids. 4. Considering patients anxiety perhaps obtain services of Stella Rose Dickinson PHD phycology at a later date.